Energy Optimization in Hybrid Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Analysis of Technologies, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Abstract

The transportation sector's transition towards sustainable mobility has accelerated the development of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) as a crucial intermediary technology between conventional internal combustion engines and fully electric vehicles. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of energy optimization strategies in hybrid electric vehicles, examining current technologies, regulatory frameworks, and optimization methodologies. Through systematic review of recent literature and technological developments, this study identifies key areas for improvement in HEV energy efficiency, including powertrain optimization, regenerative braking systems, and battery management strategies. The findings reveal that advanced energy management systemas can improve fuel efficiency by 25-40% compared to conventional vehicles, while regulatory frameworks such as the EU Regulation 2019/1242 are driving innovation in heavy-duty vehicle electrification. This research contributes to the understanding of HEV energy optimization and provides insights for future technological developments in sustainable transportation.