Odors Detection and Recognition Based on Intelligent E-Nose

Main Article Content

Husam K. Salih Ayad A. Al-Ani

Abstract

Electronic noses have become more common as a result of developments in sensor technology, machine learning (ML), and Artificial Intelligence (AI). At the moment, the majority of e-nose research is conducted in laboratories; access from other locations is not possible with e-nose.  Very few real-time smell detection applications, including tiny drones equipped with commercial gas sensors or biosensors made of insect antennas, have been created. The scope of this work is to design an intelligent E-Nose for odors detection. Smell Inspector developer kit has been used to get measurements. The Smell Inspector consists of sensors for temperature and humidity in addition to four smell iX16 chips. The Smell Inspector creates digital fragrance fingerprints using a variety of separate gas detectors. The approach for object recognition and classification using artificial intelligence techniques is presented in this paper. These techniques include Machine Learning (ML), clustering, and regression algorithms. Using the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm, the experimental results' array sensors were able to recognize; clean air, onion, garlic, coffee, spices, lemon, vinegar, gasoline, petrol, diesel, and perfumes with 78% accuracy rate.

Article Details

Section
Articles
Author Biography

Husam K. Salih Ayad A. Al-Ani

[1]Husam K. Salih

2Ayad A. Al-Ani

 

[1] Department of Information & Communication Engineering Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq, Department of Computer Engineering Techniques, Ibn Khaldun University College, Baghdad, Iraq

husam01salih@gmail.com   [0000-0002-4267-1465]

2Department of Information & Communication Engineering Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq

ayad.a@nahrainuniv.edu.iq   [0000-0002-2932-8670]

 

 

References

W. W. Qian et al., “Metabolic activity organizes olfactory representations,” Elife, vol. 12, pp. 1–18, 2023, doi: 10.7554/eLife.82502.

J. Lötsch, D. Kringel, and T. Hummel, “Machine Learning in Human Olfactory Research,” Chem. Senses, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 11–22, 2019, doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjy067.

A. W. Eyre, I. Zapata, E. Hare, J. A. Serpell, C. M. Otto, and C. E. Alvarez, “Machine learning prediction and classification of behavioral selection in a canine olfactory detection program,” Sci. Rep., vol. 13, no. 1, p. 12489, 2023, doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-39112-7.

E. Vigneau, P. Courcoux, R. Symoneaux, L. Guérin, and A. Villière, “Random forests: A machine learning methodology to highlight the volatile organic compounds involved in olfactory perception,” Food Qual. Prefer., vol. 68, no. May 2017, pp. 135–145, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.02.008.

C. Im, J. Shin, W. R. Lee, and J. M. Kim, “Machine learning-based feature combination analysis for odor-dependent hemodynamic responses of rat olfactory bulb,” Biosens. Bioelectron., vol. 197, no. June 2021, p. 113782, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113782.

S. Huang et al., “Machine learning-enabled graphene-based electronic olfaction sensors and their olfactory performance assessment,” Appl. Phys. Rev., vol. 10, no. 2, 2023, doi: 10.1063/5.0132177.

J. C. Morse et al., “Patterns of olfactory dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis identified by hierarchical cluster analysis and machine learning algorithms,” Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 255–264, 2019, doi: 10.1002/alr.22249.

D. Terutsuki, T. Uchida, C. Fukui, Y. Sukekawa, Y. Okamoto, and R. Kanzaki, “Real-time odor concentration and direction recognition for efficient odor source localization using a small bio-hybrid drone,” Sensors Actuators B Chem., vol. 339, no. January, p. 129770, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.129770.

K. Willeford, “The Luminescence Hypothesis of Olfaction,” Sensors, vol. 23, no. 3, 2023, doi: 10.3390/s23031333.

F. A. Aditama, L. Zulfikri, L. Mardiana, T. Mulyaningsih, N. Qomariyah, and R. Wirawan, “Electronic nose sensor development using ANN backpropagation for lombok agarwood classification,” Res. Agric. Eng., vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 97–103, 2020, doi: 10.17221/26/2020-RAE.

N. Phukkaphan, T. Eamsa-Ard, C. Chairanit, and T. Kerdcharoen, “The Application of Gas Sensor Array based Electronic Nose for Milk Spoilage Detection,” 2021 7th Int. Conf. Eng. Appl. Sci. Technol. ICEAST 2021 - Proc., pp. 273–276, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ICEAST52143.2021.9426263.

P. Borowik, L. Adamowicz, R. Tarakowski, K. Siwek, and T. Grzywacz, “Odor detection using an e-nose with a reduced sensor array,” Sensors (Switzerland), vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 1–20, 2020, doi: 10.3390/s20123542.

J. Tan and J. Xu, “Applications of electronic nose (e-nose) and electronic tongue (e-tongue) in food quality-related properties determination: A review,” Artif. Intell. Agric., vol. 4, pp. 104–115, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.aiia.2020.06.003.

S. Tatli, E. Mirzaee‐ghaleh, H. Rabbani, H. Karami, and A. D. Wilson, “Rapid detection of urea fertilizer effects on voc emissions from cucumber fruits using a mos e‐nose sensor array,” Agronomy, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–20, 2022, doi: 10.3390/agronomy12010035.

F. Meléndez, P. Arroyo, J. Gómez-Suárez, S. Palomeque-Mangut, J. I. Suárez, and J. Lozano, “Portable Electronic Nose Based on Digital and Analog Chemical Sensors for 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole Discrimination,” Sensors, vol. 22, no. 9, 2022, doi: 10.3390/s22093453.

J. Tong et al., “Design and Optimization of Electronic Nose Sensor Array for Real-Time and Rapid Detection of Vehicle Exhaust Pollutants,” Chemosensors, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 1–12, 2022, doi: 10.3390/chemosensors10120496.

M. Gancarz et al., “Detection and measurement of aroma compounds with the electronic nose and a novel method for MOS sensor signal analysis during the wheat bread making process,” Food Bioprod. Process., vol. 127, pp. 90–98, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.02.011.

S. Shigaki and M. R. Fikri, “Design and experimental evaluation of an odor sensing method for a pocket-sized quadcopter,” Sensors (Switzerland), vol. 18, no. 11. 2018, doi: 10.3390/s18113720.

A. T. John, K. Murugappan, D. R. Nisbet, and A. Tricoli, “An outlook of recent advances in chemiresistive sensor-based electronic nose systems for food quality and environmental monitoring,” Sensors, vol. 21, no. 7, 2021, doi: 10.3390/s21072271.

A. T. Ajiboye, J. F. Opadiji, A. O. Yusuf, and J. O. Popoola, “Analytical determination of load resistance value for MQ-series gas sensors: MQ-6 as case study,” Telkomnika (Telecommunication Comput. Electron. Control., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 575–582, 2021, doi: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v19i2.17427.

N. P. Simonenko et al., “Printing Technologies as an Emerging Approach in Gas Sensors: Survey of Literature,” Sensors, vol. 22, no. 9, 2022, doi: 10.3390/s22093473.

T. Julian, S. N. Hidayat, A. Rianjanu, A. B. Dharmawan, H. S. Wasisto, and K. Triyana, “Intelligent Mobile Electronic Nose System Comprising a Hybrid Polymer-Functionalized Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensor Array,” ACS Omega, vol. 5, no. 45, pp. 29492–29503, 2020, doi: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04433.

S. Kaushal, P. Nayi, D. Rahadian, and H. H. Chen, “Applications of Electronic Nose Coupled with Statistical and Intelligent Pattern Recognition Techniques for Monitoring Tea Quality: A Review,” Agric., vol. 12, no. 9, 2022, doi: 10.3390/agriculture12091359.

P. Arroyo, J. L. Herrero, J. I. Suárez, and J. Lozano, “Wireless sensor network combined with cloud computing for air quality monitoring,” Sensors (Switzerland), vol. 19, no. 3, 2019, doi: 10.3390/s19030691.

M. Roy and B. K. Yadav, “Electronic nose for detection of food adulteration: a review,” J. Food Sci. Technol., vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 846–858, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s13197-021-05057-w.

S. Huang et al., “Machine Learning‐Enabled Smart Gas Sensing Platform for Identification of Industrial Gases,” Adv. Intell. Syst., vol. 4, no. 4, p. 2200016, 2022, doi: 10.1002/aisy.202200016.

M. Rasekh, H. Karami, A. D. Wilson, and M. Gancarz, “Performance analysis of mau-9 electronic-nose mos sensor array components and ann classification methods for discrimination of herb and fruit essential oils,” Chemosensors, vol. 9, no. 9, 2021, doi: 10.3390/chemosensors9090243.