A Swarm Based Integer and Fractional Order Heart Rate Controller for Cardiac Pacemaker

Abstract

The heart's significant contribution is well known in the functioning of the human body. If it stops operating, the body shuts down systematically, which is known as cardiac arrest. The heart acts as a power supply that generates the electrical pulses which run through the entire body to supply energy to every organ. But in today's time, due to our unhealthy lifestyle, the functioning of the heart gets uneven, that it is unable to supply the regulated electrical pulses. This irregular supply of electrical pulses is known as arrhythmia. In order to overcome arrhythmia, the medical device pacemaker is invented to control the irregularities of the heart rate. The pacemaker generates the electrical pulses artificially when the heart is unable to respond at regular intervals. Many researchers have proposed several control techniques using PID controllers to improve the performance of such device called as artificial pacemaker. In this work an optimized system is designed for an artificial cardiac pacemaker to well perform so that the system can generate a controlled desire response through the incorporation of both integer and fractional order PID controller for better system performance with least errors. The applied integer and fractional order PID controllers are tuned using various classical tuning methods and the modern optimization technique such as particle swarm optimization (PSO) method to obtain a response with better dynamic and static performance. These implemented tuning methods offer a good control characteristic for the pacing rate of the cardiac pacemaker.