Advancements and Challenges in Narrowband IoT: A Comprehensive Review of Technology and Applications

Abstract

The paper provides a comprehensive review of Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT), a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology designed to support massive IoT deployments. The review begins by outlining the technical aspects of NB-IoT, including its architecture, key features, and performance metrics. It then analyzes the applications of NB-IoT across various domains such as smart cities, agriculture, and healthcare, comparing its advantages over other IoT technologies like LoRa and Sigfox. The paper also discusses the challenges NB-IoT faces, such as limited data rates and security concerns, while highlighting the opportunities for its integration with 5G networks. Finally, future directions for research and development are proposed, emphasizing the potential of NB-IoT to become a cornerstone of IoT connectivity in the coming years.