Reframing Technology Readiness Level (TRLs) for Non-Profit Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs) for Grounded Innovations

Abstract

The utilization of Technology Readiness Level (TRL) assessments, initially crafted for the aerospace and defense industries, has proliferated into diverse sectors. This study is dedicated to tackling the hurdles encountered by non-profit Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs) when integrating TRLs into their operations. By exploring the theoretical disparities and pinpointing pivotal issues, it aims to provide a holistic understanding of this complex landscape. This paper addresses the issue from theoretical and practical gap, by scrutinizing the misalignment between the original intent of the TRL framework and the multifaceted nature of research projects managed by non-profit TTOs. These projects often entail iterative and non-linear pathways, contrasting with TRLs' sequential framework, leading to implementation challenges. The critical problems faced by non-profit TTOs in TRL adoption encompass resource constraints, diverse stakeholder expectations, and a shortage of expertise for effective TRL assessments. The study proposes qualitative case studies and data triangulation using Cohen’s Kappa analysis in order to gain comprehensive insights into these challenges. By shedding light on these issues, it is hoped to enhance the adoption of TRLs in non-profit TTOs and contribute to their successful technology transfer endeavours.